街头艺术历史回顾II｜“街头艺术”-“涂鸦”-“风格涂写”... Historic Street Art II
通过上期的推文，我们已经了解到街头艺术经久不衰、全球性、独特且强有力的特性。在进一步了解其起源之前，先让我们提前储备一些基础知识，到底“街头艺术”和“涂鸦”、“风格涂写”与“城市艺术”都有哪些区别呢？让我们继续跟随玛格达·唐妮诗的文字，深入了解这项独特的艺术运动。
C125纽约布鲁克林街头作品，图片由唐妮诗画廊提供
Work by C125 in Brooklyn, New York, image: Danysz gallery
就像任何在发展时期的运动一样，人们对其如何命名和如果将其简化为一个词存在着激烈的争论。涂鸦、模板艺术、街头艺术、......我们该如何定义本世纪初最重要的艺术运动？
As with any developing movement, there is debate about the simple fact of naming it, of reducing it to a single word. Graffiti, stencil art, street art, ... How to define the most important artistic movement of the beginning of this century?
风格涂写 / Style Writing
一开始只是一些标记（tag）。很快，一些涂鸦客开始在他们的字符中加入风格，其中有些人表现出不可否认的、但往往是无意识的艺术天赋。我们将这些努力创作字符的人称为风格写手（style writer）。
In the beginning, there were tags. Soon enough, some taggers started putting some style into their letters, and among those some showed an undeniable, yet often unconscious, artistic talent. Those putting this type of effort in their lettering became known as style writers.
“这些都是事实...一开始它甚至不叫涂鸦，只是叫涂写。涂鸦是70年代某个地方发展出来的社会名词（针对文化）...... 毫无疑问，从一开始，创作家们就相当正式地把自己称为‘写手’，把他们所做的事情称为‘涂写’，因为这就是他们所做的事情。”
—— PHASE 2
These are the facts... First of all it's not even called graffiti, it’s writing. Graffiti is some social term that was developed (for the culture) somewhere in the 70s. (…) Undoubtedly, from the very beginning and quite officially, writers referred to themselves as "writers" and what they did as "writing", for the simple fact that this is what they did.
—— PHASE 2
PHASE 2纽约地铁车厢涂鸦作品
Works by PHASE 2 on NY subway
地铁艺术 / Subway Art
这种艺术现象以其非常特殊且独特的方式出现在地铁中。因此，一些人以它诞生的地点命名也就不足为奇了。然而，这些艺术家在深感压抑时，会转而在墙壁上创作；在他们觉得想要在画布上表达创作欲望时，也会转而在室内创作，比如艺术家工作室。地铁服务了很多人，但不是每位艺术家。对一些人来说，地铁是渠道也是目的，而另一些人则在别处找到了灵感。作为这场运动的见证，亨利·查尔凡特（Henry Chalfant）和玛莎·库珀（Martha Cooper）于1984年出版了《地铁艺术》（Subway Art）一书，此书仍然留在大家的脑海中。
The phenomenon started in its very particular and unique way, in the subway. It comes as no surprise that some named it after the place it was born from. Yet the very same artists switched to walls, when repression was getting too strong, and even to interior locations, such as artist studios when they felt the urge to express themselves on canvas, for instance. The subway served many, yet not every artist. While it came as the means and the end to some, others found inspiration elsewhere. The Subway Art book by Henry Chalfant and Martha Cooper, published in 1984, remains in the collective mind as a testimony to what this movement has to offer.
JonOne地铁车厢涂鸦作品，图片由唐妮诗画廊提供
JonOne's painting on subway, image: Danysz gallery
气溶胶艺术/气雾罐艺术 Aerosol Art/Spray Can Art
绘画运动与其他艺术形式的一个简单区别在于使用气溶胶颜料，因此人们根据工具和技术进行标注。但很快，艺术家们拓宽了自己的视野，他们实验发明了新的概念和技术，甚至使用传统画笔来获得所需的绘画效果，于是这个词就过时了。
An easy distinction between the Movement and any other art form is its use of aerosol paint, hence the labeling according to the tool and technique. But soon enough, artists expanded their horizons and the term turned obsolete as they experimented, invented new concepts and techniques or even used traditional brushes to get the desired pictorial effects.
“再次澄清我们的主题的总范围是‘涂写’（签名、大幅墙绘 — 难懂的、复杂的或其他风格的字体和快速涂鸦）。气溶胶喷漆显然是字母喷漆的衍生物；但其发展和演变影响重大，超过了字母喷漆的有限区间。气雾罐的使用者无疑是文化的一个组成部分，他们必须得到承认。在涂写之外，文化已经自我扩展，现在由与之相关的其他形式组成，并从其原来的形式（涂写）中移除，这一点也必须得到承认。”
—— PHASE 2
Let us again clarify the total spectrum of our subject matter, "Writing" (signatures, pieces — complex, intricate and other style lettering and throw ups). Apparently aerosol writing is a derivative of the alphabet; but the instance of its evolution and transformation weighed in its entirety, exceeding the limited curriculum of the alphabet. Undoubtedly the user of the aerosol can is an integral part of the culture that must also be recognized. Outside of writing the culture has extended itself and now consists of other forms connected to, as well as removed from its original format (writing) and this too must be recognized.
—— PHASE 2
涂鸦 / Graffiti
涂鸦一词第一次尝试给这场运动贴上完整的标签，目的是让它不仅仅是一种技术或一个场所。它是一个公认的术语，无论是否使用气雾剂，都适用于所有以字母为基础开始创作壁画或地铁艺术的艺术家。但由于一些艺术家最终远离了传统的文字和墙壁，标签变得有些还原。涂鸦是第一次尝试标记整个运动，旨在全面概括这一运动，让它不仅仅是一种技术或场所。无论艺术家是在墙壁还是地铁里作画，无论使用气溶胶与否，这都是一个公认的术语。但由于一些艺术家最终脱离了传统的字母和墙壁，这个标签就变得有些简单了。
Graffiti was the first attempt to label the movement in its entirety, aiming to embrace it beyond just a technique or a location. It is an accepted term for all artists who started creating murals or subway art based on letters, whether using aerosol or not. But because some artists eventually steered away from the traditional letters and walls, the label became somewhat reductive.
艺术家CRASH墙面涂鸦作品，图片由唐妮诗画廊提供
CRASH mural project, image: Danysz gallery
城市艺术 / Urban Art
“城市艺术”一词曾一度被用来概括涂鸦所兴起的各种技术和形式。它的含义很广，足以描述模板、贴纸、书写等所有源自街头的艺术。然而，并不是所有人都用这个术语，可能是因为它看起来太大了，而且包含了独立于我们所分析的这项运动的工作方式。例如，墨西哥壁画或建筑可以被视为城市艺术，但它们只是街头艺术运动的表亲。
Used for a while to embrace the variety of techniques and forms rising from Graffiti, "Urban Art" was a term meant to be large enough to describe all of the art originating in and from the streets, from stencil to stickers via writing. Yet not everyone uses this term, probably because it seems too large and because it embraces ways of working that are independent of the movement we are analyzing here. Mexican murals or architecture could be for instance considered as urban art yet they are only cousins of the Street Art movement.
艺术家Jef Aérosol纽约街头作品，图片由唐妮诗画廊提供
Jef Aérosol's mural work in New York, image: Danysz gallery
街头艺术 / Street Art
街头艺术和城市艺术两词是当代运动最常用的标签，他们起源于涂写，也常被称为涂鸦。然而比起以前的词，“街头艺术”这个词囊括了更多的形式、技巧和表现形式。“街头艺术”一词如今涵盖了在街头或公共场所进行的多种艺术形式，包括涂鸦、模板、贴纸、海报、灯光装置、马赛克等。
Street Art and Urban Art are the most commonly used labels for the contemporary movement originated from writing, also often called Graffiti. Yet the term "Street Art" tends to actually incorporate more forms, techniques and forms of expression than the original words used to. The term "Street Art" covers, today, numerous forms of art carried out in the street or in public spaces, and includes various methods such as graffiti, stencils, stickers, posters, lighting installations, mosaics, etc.
艺术家VHILS上海街头作品，图片由唐妮诗画廊提供
VHILS' mural project in Shanghai, image: Danysz gallery
原文/Text: Magda Danysz
翻译/Translation：Yifei & Naomi
排版&校对/Layout & revision：Meng
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